G4m

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The Allies gave the G4M the reporting name Betty.Japanese Navy pilots called it " 葉巻 " Hamaki Cigar , due to its cylindrical shape.The G4M had very good performance, especially range, which was achieved by its structural lightness and an almost total lack of protection for its crew, with no armor plating or self-sealing fuel tanks.These omissions proved to be its weakness when confronted with American fighter aircraft during the Pacific War.This article does not contain any citations or references.Please improve this article by adding a reference.For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation.The G4M was designed for a long range and high speed at the time of its introduction.Consequently, several weight-saving measures were incorporated into the design, such as dispensing with self-sealing fuel tanks and armor, which caused Allied fighter pilots to give it derisive nicknames such as "the one-shot lighter", "the flying Zippo " and "the flying cigar" because of their tendency to explode or catch on fire from any slight damage to the wing fuel tanks after being hit by aerial machine gun fire or ground-based anti-aircraft fire.Similarly, pilots of the Imperial Japanese Navy despairingly called the G4M the "Type One Lighter", "The Flying Lighter" or even the " Hamaki " "Cigar".This was partially due to the fact that on many occasions, the G4M was used for low-altitude torpedo attacks on ships during which their performance advantages were negated.The G4M was frequently shot down by anti-aircraft artillery fire, and even by small arms.The G4M's relatively large size made it an easy gunnery target, and the predictable approach path required for a torpedo run made for a generally easy interception by Allied fighter aircraft.When used for medium to high-altitude bombing against stationary land targets like supply depots, seaports or airfields, "ease of interception" was another matter entirely.Using its long range and high speed, the G4M could appear from any direction, and then it could be gone before any fighters intercepted them.The 20 mm cannon in its tail turret was much heavier armament than was commonly carried by bombers of either side, making aerial attacks from the rear quite dangerous for the Allied fighter aircraft.Sometimes, assuming they did not catch fire after being hit in the wings by flak from the ground or by machine gun bullets from enemy fighters, G4Ms also proved to be able to remain airborne despite being badly shot up.For example, after the attack of the Kokutai on the USS Chicago during the Battle of Rennell Island , three out of four survivors out of 11 aircraft committed to the attack returned flying on only one engine.The G4M was similar in performance and missions to other contemporary twin-engine bombers such as the German Heinkel He and the American North American B Mitchell.These were all commonly used in anti-ship roles.The G4M Model 11 was prominent in attacks on Allied shipping in the to early , but after that it became more and more an easy prey for Allied fighters.The G4M's baptism of fire occurred on 13 September in Mainland China, when 27 "Betties" and Mitsubishi C5Ms of 1st Rengo Kokutai a mixed force including elements of the Kanoya and Kizarazu Kokutais Air Groups departed from Taipei, Omura , and Jeju City to attack Hankow.The bombers and the reconnaissance aircraft were escorted by 13 A6M Zeros of 12st [ Clarification needed ] Kokutai led by the I.lieutenant , Saburo Shindo.A similar operation occurred in May 苹果或将限制USB-C接口充电速度！欧盟出手：你敢？ 雷科技 64 跟贴 G4M2e Model 24 Tei launching suicide bomb Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka "Baka".Betty bombers during an air raid over Darwin, Australia.Mid- or late-production G4M1 Model 11s with the propeller spinners and rubber ply beneath the wing fuel tanks.There are no flyable or intact Mistubishi G4Ms left.Several wrecks remain scattered in southeast Asia and on Pacific islands, although only one complete aircraft is known to be on display; [7] a G4M1 Model 11, built in Nagoya Works No.Data from Airreview's Japanese Navy Aircraft In The Pacific War [10].Military Wiki Explore.Main Page Discuss All Pages Community Interactive Maps.Popular pages.Most visited articles Charles Keating IV Battle of Mogadishu Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.Project maintenance.Double redirects Broken redirects Wanted categories Wanted pages Wanted templates Uncategorized Categories Short pages Unused categories.FANDOM Fan Central BETA Games Anime Movies TV Video.Explore Wikis Community Central.Don't have an account? More than Japanese G4M1s and their best pilots and crews with no replacements or substitutes available were shot down during the subsequent numerous battles on and near Guadalcanal August to October A model estimating forest growth, stock, harvest amount and comparing incomes from forestry and alternative land uses on a global scale.The IIASA Global Forest Model G4M estimates the productivity of five forest types evergreen needleleaf, evergreen broadleaf, deciduous needleleaf, deciduous broadleaf and woody savannas in four ecoregions Tropical, Subtropical, Temperate and Boreal based on dynamic site characteristics monthly Temperature, Precipitation, Radiation, CO 2 , semi dynamic Water holding capacity, sold depth, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Salinity, pH-Value and static air pressure.Combining productivity with a management regime e.keep current stock, maximize harvests, maximize stock, no harvests which could be enabled or disabled to change the current species to better adapted to the potentially changed site characteristics, it is possible to show the development of increment carbon sequestration , stock stored carbon and harvests potential substitutes for nonrenewable products and in those also stored carbon.It can compare the income derived from forests with the income that could be derived from an alternative use of the same land, for example to grow grain for food or biofuel.To do this, G4M estimates the amount of net income currently being derived from forests by calculating the amount and value of wood produced minus the harvesting costs i.logging and timber extraction.It also assesses the potential income represented by carbon storage in forests sequestration.Taking these values into account, G4M demonstrates whether it would be more profitable to grow agricultural crops or bio-fuels at the location, or whether forestry is the economically best option for the land.This allows us to identify regions with high deforestation pressure and regions which could be afforested.By estimating the time needed to make this land use changes it's possible to also show forest cover development over time.G4M thus provides an economically sound basis for decision making, either independently, or in conjunction with other models.G4M was developed at IIASA in the mids for modeling afforestation in Latin America under the name of DIMA.From there, it evolved to global forestry scenario analysis, and is now used as a basis for decision making in forest management.As well as demonstrating the pros and cons of different land uses, it can compute optimal forest rotation times to optimize biomass stocking and harvesting rates and can also help to rationalize other important aspects of forest management.G4M gives information at a resolution that depends on the input data provided.We currently use maps typical with a resolution roughly corresponding to a 1 x 1 km grid.G4M can use data from individual forest stands or aggregated larger regions.It could be used globally but also for a small region.G4M is a versatile model that can be integrated with other models to gain greater clarification of land use potential.To model forest growth, the G4M can estimate the net primary productivity NPP by its own but can also take it as an input from other models.This was done e.for a simulation in Europe where three regional models provided yearly NPP estimates to G4M.avoided deforestation , and supply of biomass for bio-energy and timber.G4M provides valuable information to policymakers at the national, regional, and international levels.Together with GLOBIOM, GAINS, and a number of models from outside of IIASA, G4M was contributing to development of the , and reference scenarios for the European Union.Flexibility of G4M allows simulating different forest management options, for example, estimate an impact of various assumptions on the forest reference level.As a core model of the IIASA integrated modeling cluster for Biodiversity and Natural Resources, G4M is constantly updated and verified.Most recently, forest growth for the regions of Germany and Austria was successfully estimated and validated against field observations, and new data on several tree species groups were added for modeling on a global scale.A prototype for a universal forest harvest cost model was also recently introduced into G4M and a linkage was developed to the main European forest stand-level models to provide yield estimates.It is planned to integrate a soil dynamics model, showing changes in soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.It is planned to allow using G4M from the software environment for statistical computing R.Also it is planned to update and publish all used input data and results, like the forest biomass map, at the Global Forest Database.Learn more or request access from the lead contact for this model.About G4M G4M was developed at IIASA in the mids for modeling afforestation in Latin America under the name of DIMA.FAST FACTS G4M belongs to IIASA's Integrated Modeling Cluster, a holistic tool designed to study complex problems of integrated land and ecosystems management with an emphasis on forests and their sustainable management.G4M is part of the model cluster being used to calculate Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation REDD , an important question to be resolved under the UNFCCC.G4M can be used to model parameters based on a country's own statistics, for example, forest cover, species composition, age class distribution, and live biomass, to check their accuracy.In G4M was successfully used to estimate and validate forest growth for regions of Germany and Austria.Model applications G4M provides valuable information to policymakers at the national, regional, and international levels.Verifying and updating the model As a core model of the IIASA integrated modeling cluster for Biodiversity and Natural Resources, G4M is constantly updated and verified. 头部房企在江苏大降价被叫停，业内称楼市新一轮下跌几率不大 第一财经资讯 京东物流 满 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